Теоретичні та практичні проблеми здійснення та захисту права спільної часткової власності у разі виділу, поділу та продажу спільного майна
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Date
2020
Authors
Дзера, Ірина
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Abstract
У статті розкрито загальні засади здійснення співвласниками права на частку у спільній частковій власності, а також підстави застосування цивільно-правових способів захисту прав співвласників. Визначено основні способи захисту прав співвласників у разі виділу та поділу спільного майна, встановлено різницю між цими способами розпорядження часткою у спільній частковій власності. Окрему увагу зосереджено на способах захисту прав співвласників у разі продажу частки з порушенням переважного права купівлі частки. Встановлено прогалини та суперечності в цивільному законодавстві України, що регулює окремі способи захисту, що застосовуються співвласниками при здійсненні та розпорядженні правом спільної часткової власності та його припиненні. Виявлено такі проблеми у врегулюванні захисту права спільної часткової власності: 1) відсутність чіткого механізму врегулювання порядку та строків виплати компенсації співвласнику у разі виділу частки; 2) відсутність чіткої процедури переведення прав та обов’язків покупця за договором, укладеним із порушенням права переважної купівлі частки; 3) неврегульованість законом порядку повернення коштів, сплачених покупцем, який був замінений у договорі, укладеному з порушенням права переважної купівлі частки.
The article deals with general notions of exercising the right of shared ownership by their owners, as well as grounds for civil protection by the co-owners. Main grounds for protecting the right of shared ownership are the same as for protecting civil rights in general, namely – not recognising or breaking rights of the owners, or disputing them by third parties or other co-owners. Civil laws regulate within the same framework the mechanism of protecting the rights of co-owners, regardless of who is behind the violation of the right, and this, due to the principle of equality of all subjects of the right of ownership under the law. Rights of co-owners could be violated while exercising their rights during the division or allocation of a share of common property. Hence, in order to show the methods of protecting the rights of the co-owners during the division or allocation of common property, the article establishes their meaning, types and grounds for their use. Following the analysis of a legal structure and special literature, a conclusion is drawn as to the absence of a single approach to the consequences of division or allocation of the common property. Also, arguments are made in favour of differentiating these two categories only for the purpose of exercising those rights by more than two co-owners. The article deals with conditions of use of allocation and division of common property, as well as the consequences of impossibility to allocate or to divide. Also, it points out the absence of a legal framework of the terms of payment of compensation to a co-owner should his share be impossible to divide, and therefore it must be dealt with by agreement of the co-owners.Special features of allocation of a share of immovable property are investigated, and jurisprudence is analyzed in order to define the appropriate methods of protection of the rights of the co-owners. Special attention is given to protecting the rights of the co-owners in those cases, where a share was sold without offering the other co-owners the option to purchase. The article shows lack of clear legal provisions as to the requirement of a second notice to sell a share in common property following a change in the sale price, as well as to the consequences of allowing a claim of a co-owner to transfer over the rights and obligations of a buyer under a contract when it comes to the validity of a contract between the co-owner- seller and buyer, as well as a buyer, whose rights are transferred to another co-owner, as well as the justification to re-negotiate such contract. A conclusion is made according to which in such cases the contract of sale and purchase is valid, but that courts will pronounce for the buyer to be replaced, while the mechanism of the transfer of the right of ownership to the purchasing co-owner remains partially regulated. The article points out gaps and contradictions in the civil legislation of Ukraine that regulate certain legal remedies used by the co-owners while exercising their right of common property, how to remove them and improve the legal framework.
The article deals with general notions of exercising the right of shared ownership by their owners, as well as grounds for civil protection by the co-owners. Main grounds for protecting the right of shared ownership are the same as for protecting civil rights in general, namely – not recognising or breaking rights of the owners, or disputing them by third parties or other co-owners. Civil laws regulate within the same framework the mechanism of protecting the rights of co-owners, regardless of who is behind the violation of the right, and this, due to the principle of equality of all subjects of the right of ownership under the law. Rights of co-owners could be violated while exercising their rights during the division or allocation of a share of common property. Hence, in order to show the methods of protecting the rights of the co-owners during the division or allocation of common property, the article establishes their meaning, types and grounds for their use. Following the analysis of a legal structure and special literature, a conclusion is drawn as to the absence of a single approach to the consequences of division or allocation of the common property. Also, arguments are made in favour of differentiating these two categories only for the purpose of exercising those rights by more than two co-owners. The article deals with conditions of use of allocation and division of common property, as well as the consequences of impossibility to allocate or to divide. Also, it points out the absence of a legal framework of the terms of payment of compensation to a co-owner should his share be impossible to divide, and therefore it must be dealt with by agreement of the co-owners.Special features of allocation of a share of immovable property are investigated, and jurisprudence is analyzed in order to define the appropriate methods of protection of the rights of the co-owners. Special attention is given to protecting the rights of the co-owners in those cases, where a share was sold without offering the other co-owners the option to purchase. The article shows lack of clear legal provisions as to the requirement of a second notice to sell a share in common property following a change in the sale price, as well as to the consequences of allowing a claim of a co-owner to transfer over the rights and obligations of a buyer under a contract when it comes to the validity of a contract between the co-owner- seller and buyer, as well as a buyer, whose rights are transferred to another co-owner, as well as the justification to re-negotiate such contract. A conclusion is made according to which in such cases the contract of sale and purchase is valid, but that courts will pronounce for the buyer to be replaced, while the mechanism of the transfer of the right of ownership to the purchasing co-owner remains partially regulated. The article points out gaps and contradictions in the civil legislation of Ukraine that regulate certain legal remedies used by the co-owners while exercising their right of common property, how to remove them and improve the legal framework.
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Keywords
право спільної часткової власності, виділ, поділ, переважне право купівлі частки, захист права спільної часткової власності, стаття, right of common property, allocation, division, option to purchase a share, protection of the right of common property
Citation
Дзера І. О. Теоретичні та практичні проблеми здійснення та захисту права спільної часткової власності у разі виділу, поділу та продажу спільного майна / Дзера І. О. // Наукові записки НаУКМА. Юридичні науки. - 2020. - Т. 5. - С. 19-24. - https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.5.19-24