The relative electoral impotence of Russian extreme right so far and a certain decline in Russian ultra-nationalist
party and parliamentary politics since the mid-1990s cannot be interpreted as a sure sign
for a lasting disappearance of the extremely right-wing threat in Russia. For instance, late 19th
and early
20th century German history has shown that a decline of extreme right-wing parties may, in some instances,
represent an indicator not of diminishing anti-Semitism or other xenophobias, but, instead, of their deep
infiltration into civil and political society. An inclusion of non-party organizations and networks
espousing various kinds of extreme right-wing ideas might thus be helpful in reaching a more
comprehensive estimation of the strength of ultra-nationalist ideas and forces in contemporary Russian
society, and the future political potential of Russian extreme right.