Колісний транспорт у катакомбній культурі
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Date
2018
Authors
Жоньца, Юстина
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Abstract
Першим суспільством, яке почало використовувати колісний транспорт на території Євразійського степу, була ямна культура доби ранньої бронзи. Вози стали важливою частиною їхнього
життя, слугуючи житлами для скотарського суспільства. Колісний транспорт або його частини
почали використовувати також у поховальному обряді. Ця традиція набула розвитку у катакомбній культурі басейнів Дніпра, Дону та Маничу. Рухливе господарство сприяло технологічному розвитку колісного транспорту, тому саме у цей час його конструкція ускладнюється. Його елементи
трапляються у різних контекстах суспільного життя, що уможливлює різносторонній аналіз
цього явища. Знахідки інвентарю, пов’язаного із колісним транспортом у похованнях, свідчать про
те, що він був важливою частиною ритуальної сфери життя. У похованнях катакомбної культури
містяться не лише чотириколісні, а й двоколісні вози складної конструкції, із якими часто знаходять зброю. Усі ці фактори роблять аналіз символічного значення колісного транспорту у катакомбній культурі складнішим, ніж для доби ранньої бронзи.
The Yamna culture of the early bronze age was the first to use wheeled vehicles in Eurasian steppe area. This factor appears to be one of the most important for the development of steppe societies because of their seminomadic lifestyle. Some of their burials contained parts of wagons, such as disc-shaped wheels arranged in four corners of the burial pit. The analysis of these elements makes it possible to reconstruct the appearance and structure of vehicles. They probably can be interpreted as carriages of the kibitka type, with four wheels and a covered body. These features make them accessible to use as place for living or a carriage of belongings. These first graves containing parts of vehicles were interpreted as a symbolic emphasis of the lifestyle of a deceased person, which was buried with them. The same interpretation was used in the case of the Catacomb culture of the Dnieper, the Don, and the Manych basins. The Catacomb culture developed in the middle Bronze age and somehow continued Yamna traditions with many new elements. The Catacomb society probably expanded the typology of wheeled vehicles and the way they were used in particular parts of life. New two-wheeled and little four-wheeled wagons appeared next to classic kibitkas. Analysis of these finds seems to be more complicated than in the previous period. Construction of the two-wheeled vehicles could be analogical to the Sumerian battle cars and in literature a hypothesis arose of their exploitation in combat. Small four-wheeled wagons are often considered to be produced for the ritual use. All of the vehicles of the Catacomb culture were found with other elements of the grave inventory: weaponry, tools, or ornaments. Combining these two factors, the structure, and other objects buried with them, it is possible to estimate the way the vehicles were used by the Catacomb community and how the new use of the wheeled transport increased the development or how the social progress caused the evolution of the wheeled transport.
The Yamna culture of the early bronze age was the first to use wheeled vehicles in Eurasian steppe area. This factor appears to be one of the most important for the development of steppe societies because of their seminomadic lifestyle. Some of their burials contained parts of wagons, such as disc-shaped wheels arranged in four corners of the burial pit. The analysis of these elements makes it possible to reconstruct the appearance and structure of vehicles. They probably can be interpreted as carriages of the kibitka type, with four wheels and a covered body. These features make them accessible to use as place for living or a carriage of belongings. These first graves containing parts of vehicles were interpreted as a symbolic emphasis of the lifestyle of a deceased person, which was buried with them. The same interpretation was used in the case of the Catacomb culture of the Dnieper, the Don, and the Manych basins. The Catacomb culture developed in the middle Bronze age and somehow continued Yamna traditions with many new elements. The Catacomb society probably expanded the typology of wheeled vehicles and the way they were used in particular parts of life. New two-wheeled and little four-wheeled wagons appeared next to classic kibitkas. Analysis of these finds seems to be more complicated than in the previous period. Construction of the two-wheeled vehicles could be analogical to the Sumerian battle cars and in literature a hypothesis arose of their exploitation in combat. Small four-wheeled wagons are often considered to be produced for the ritual use. All of the vehicles of the Catacomb culture were found with other elements of the grave inventory: weaponry, tools, or ornaments. Combining these two factors, the structure, and other objects buried with them, it is possible to estimate the way the vehicles were used by the Catacomb community and how the new use of the wheeled transport increased the development or how the social progress caused the evolution of the wheeled transport.
Description
Keywords
колісний транспорт, віз, колісниця, ямна культура, катакомбна культура, поховання, стаття, wheeled transport, wagon, chariot, Yamna culture, Catacomb culture, burials
Citation
Жоньца Ю. Колісний транспорт у катакомбній культурі / Жоньца Ю. // Магістеріум. Археологічні студії. - 2018. - Вип. 70. - С. 41-45.