"...коих нравственность не одобряется" : виховання маскулінних моделей поведінки у чоловічих гімназіях Києва (1830–1870-ті рр.)
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Date
2020
Authors
Чорна, Марія
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Abstract
Ця стаття звертається до досі малорозвинених в українській історіографії студій з історії маскулінності. Запозичуючи теоретичні рамки із західної історіографії, авторка зробила спробу окреслити конструювання нормативних уявлень про маскулінність у ХІХ ст. у чоловічих освітніх закладах. Працю написано на основі джерел про організацію контролю за поведінкою учнів у двох київських гімназіях у період 1830–1870-х рр. Оскільки 1830-ті вважають періодом уніфікування освітньої системи імперії, зроблено припущення, що виховання гендерних норм, і зокрема маскулінних, мало б також бути частиною цієї освітньої політики. Авторка прослідкувала початок організації контролю за еталонними маскулінними гендерними нормами у Києві, за браком більш ранніх джерел, із 1840-х рр. Аналізуючи ставлення до різних чоловічих поведінкових практик, авторка помітила серед них і "сірі зони", як-от паління, які можна було вважати прийнятними; і такі, що були повноцінним табу, як мастурбація, а тому мали бути викоріненими. Оскільки стаття не претендує на вичерпний аналіз проблеми, зроблено лише попередні висновки про конструювання норм маскулінності у Київських чоловічих гімназіях, а також зауважено, що тема потребує подальшого доопрацювання.
This article draws attention to masculine studies in history of yet under-developed studies in Ukrainian historiography. Based on the theoretical frameworks of western historiography, the author attempted to analyze the construction of normative masculinity/ies in the 19th-century all-boys education. As the sources, the author used the documents on the organization of control over the behavior of pupils in two Kyiv gymnasiums between the 1830s and 1870s. Since the 1830s are considered to be the period of unification and broader establishment of the educational system in the Russian Empire, the author suggests that the narrowing of gender norms along with masculine norms must have been the element of the mentioned educational policy. Based on the limited previous sources, the author made an assumption that such control over "manliness" became systematic during the 1840s. Investigating the administrative attitude toward different behavioral practices, she spotted those which were deemed as the "grey zones", such as smoking, which were a common male practice and part of male socialization, and therefore forgettable, in contrast to those which were regarded as a taboo, such as masturbation, which due to the medical and moral prejudice of the period, should have been eradicated. Moreover, such actions were explained by the ‘beasty’ nature of boys or by the influence of the outside world, which displays the school board’s vision of the school as a ‘correctional’ institution. At the same time, this "correction" of the "bad" habits and expressed ideas on the ‘norms’ referred to the notion of the perfect servant of the Fatherland. This made the author suggest that the construction of gendered subjects in the Russian Empire was inseparable from the establishment of the imperial identity. Since this article is not complete research on the problem, the author has made only previous assumptions on the construction of masculine norms in Kyiv gymnasiums and pointed out that the topic needs further research.
This article draws attention to masculine studies in history of yet under-developed studies in Ukrainian historiography. Based on the theoretical frameworks of western historiography, the author attempted to analyze the construction of normative masculinity/ies in the 19th-century all-boys education. As the sources, the author used the documents on the organization of control over the behavior of pupils in two Kyiv gymnasiums between the 1830s and 1870s. Since the 1830s are considered to be the period of unification and broader establishment of the educational system in the Russian Empire, the author suggests that the narrowing of gender norms along with masculine norms must have been the element of the mentioned educational policy. Based on the limited previous sources, the author made an assumption that such control over "manliness" became systematic during the 1840s. Investigating the administrative attitude toward different behavioral practices, she spotted those which were deemed as the "grey zones", such as smoking, which were a common male practice and part of male socialization, and therefore forgettable, in contrast to those which were regarded as a taboo, such as masturbation, which due to the medical and moral prejudice of the period, should have been eradicated. Moreover, such actions were explained by the ‘beasty’ nature of boys or by the influence of the outside world, which displays the school board’s vision of the school as a ‘correctional’ institution. At the same time, this "correction" of the "bad" habits and expressed ideas on the ‘norms’ referred to the notion of the perfect servant of the Fatherland. This made the author suggest that the construction of gendered subjects in the Russian Empire was inseparable from the establishment of the imperial identity. Since this article is not complete research on the problem, the author has made only previous assumptions on the construction of masculine norms in Kyiv gymnasiums and pointed out that the topic needs further research.
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Keywords
історія освіти, маскулінні студії, чоловічі гімназії, Київський навчальний округ, стаття, history of education, masculine studies, all-boys gymnasiums, Kyiv educational district
Citation
Чорна М. Р. "...коих нравственность не одобряется" : виховання маскулінних моделей поведінки у чоловічих гімназіях Києва (1830–1870-ті рр.) / Чорна М. Р. // Наукові записки НаУКМА. Історичні науки. - 2020. - Т. 3. - С. 5-11.