Сведения Ибн Хаукала о маршруте похода русов против хазар в 358 г.х.
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Date
2021
Authors
Бубенок, Олег
Радивилов, Д.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке : Университет Дмитрия Пожарского
Abstract
В историко-географическом сочинении Ибн Хаукала (Х в.) имеется пассаж, который до сих пор вызывает споры среди исследователей. Речь идет об описании похода русов против хазар, датированного 358 г. х. Несколько десятилетий назад Т.М. Калинина доказала, что здесь Ибн Хаукал описал поход 969 г., а не упомянутый в ПВЛ поход князя Святослава против хазар, состоявшийся в 965 г. Ситуация осложняется тем, что Ибн Хаукал упомянул кроме хазар также булгар и буртасов, которых традиционно локализуют на Средней Волге. На первый взгляд, это подтверждают сведения самого Ибн Хаукала о расположении булгар и буртасов. Поэтому некоторые историки продолжают считать, что Ибн Хаукал и ПВЛ описывают один поход, который представлял, по их мнению, сложную комбинацию передвижений по Дону, а также — по Средней и Нижней Волге. Т.М. Калинина показала надуманность таких предположений и высказала мнение в пользу того, что в 969 г. русы не ходили на Среднюю Волгу. Основания для этого дают сведения некоторых мусульманских авторов о нахождении болгар в степях Приазовья и буртасов вдоль Волго-Донской переволоки в Х в. Таким образом, в 358 г. х. русы должны были сначала напасть на приазовских болгар, а затем — на буртасов в районе Волго-Донской переволоки, и лишь в самом конце маршрута — на хазар на Нижней Волге и
в Прикаспийском Дагестане.
Description
In the historical-geographical work of Ibn Ḥ awqal (10th century) there is a passage that still causes controversy among historians. This is a description of the campaign of the Rus’ agains t the Khazars, dated to 358 AH. Several decades ago T.M. Kalinina proved that Ibn Ḥ awqal described here the campaign of 969, and not the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav of 964–965 mentioned in The Tale of Bygone Years. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Ibn Ḥ awqal mentioned, in addition to the Khazars, also the Bulgars and Burtases, who are traditionally localized in the Middle Volga region. At first glance, this is confirmed by the information of Ibn Ḥ awqal himself about the localization of the Bulgars and Burtases. Therefore, some historians continue to believe that Ibn Ḥ awqal and The Tale of Bygone Years describe one and the same campaign, which, in their opinion, consisted of a complex combination of movements along the Don, as well as along the Middle and Lower Volga. T.M. Kalinina showed that such assumptions were far-fetched and expressed an opinion in favor of the fact that in 969 the Rus’ did not go to the Middle Volga. The grounds for this are provided by the information of some mediaeval Muslim authors about the presence of the Bulgars in the Azov
region steppes and Burtases along the Volga-Don haul pass in the 10th century. It is likely that according to the description of Ibn Ḥ awqal, the Rus’ moved along the well-known route from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, which passed the Sea of Azov and the Lower Don, and from there – through the Volga-Don passage to the Lower Volga and into the Caspian Sea. Particularly indicative in this respect is the information of al-Mas‘udi, which is contained in the description of the Rus’ campaign in the Caspian sea region after 300 AH (912), which ended disastrously in the lands of the Burtases and Bulgars. It is no coincidence that Ibn Ḥawqal mentioned the ‘internal Bulgars’, who, according to the Hudud al-‘alam, can be localized
in the Azov sea region. The ‘internal Bulgars’ of mediaeval Muslim sources are sometimes identified with the ‘Black Bulgars’ mentioned in the Byzantine-Rus’ documents. It has long been proven that the latter lived in the steppes of the Azov region. As for the Burtases, some Muslim authors (al-Istakhri, Yaqut, etc.) report that one of the Burtases’ units was situated on the banks of the Volga, but not far from the Khazar capital, the town of Itil. Thus, in 358 the Rus’ had to move along the well-known waterway from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. At the beginning, the Rus’ were supposed to attack the Azov Bulgars, and then — the Burtases at the Volga-Don haul pass, and only at the very end of the route they attacked the Khazars on the Lower Volga and in the Caspian Dagestan. As for the confusion of Ibn Ḥ awqal’s data on the localization of the Bulgars and Burtases, it can be explained by the fact that Ibn Ḥ awqal sought to determine the whereabouts of these peoples in accordance with the ideas of his predecessors, whose works he actively used. From this it followed that the Burtases and Bulgars should have been located both in the Middle Volga and in other places in the South of Eastern Europe, while the Khazars were only residents of the Lower Volga and
Caspian Dagestan.
Keywords
хазары, русы, Ибн Хаукал, болгары, буртасы, Приазовье, Волго-Донская переволока, Нижняя Волга, Дагестан, статья, Khazars, Rus’, Ibn Нawqal, Bulgars, Burtases, Azov Sea region, Volga-Don haul pass, Lower Volga, Dagestan
Citation
Бубенок О. Б. Сведения Ибн Хаукала о маршруте похода русов против хазар в 358 г.х. / О. Б. Бубенок, Д. А. Радивилов // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 2021 год: Восточная Европа и мир ислама / отв. ред. тома Е. В. Литовских [и др.]. - Москва : Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке : Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2021. - С. 418-436.