Школа правового реалізму та можливості використання її надбань у вітчизняній юриспруденції : дисертація подається на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук (доктора філософії)
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Date
2019
Authors
Мельник, М. О.
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Abstract
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук (доктора
філософії) за спеціальністю 12.00.01 – теорія та історія держави і права; історія
політичних і правових учень. – Національний університет "Києво-Могилянська
академія". – Київ, 2019.
У дисертації досліджено передумови виникнення й розвитку американської та
скандинавської течій школи правового реалізму. Проведено аналіз філософсько-
правового явища "правова реальність" у світлі різних підходів філософських та
правових концепцій, в тому числі школи правового реалізму.
Здійснено теоретичне узагальнення ідей фундаторів школи правового реалізму,
виокремлено спільні та відмінні ознаки американської та скандинавської течій
школи.
Досліджено вплив висновків правових реалістів на формування та розвиток
теорії юридичної аргументації. У дисертації проаналізовано концепції
основоположників та послідовників школи правового реалізму, спрямовані на
переосмислення основних факторів, які мають враховуватись при формулюванні
юридичної аргументації суддями. Простежено шлях, вибудований школою правового
реалізму, та проблематика, яка потребувала вирішення для переосмислення
феномена судової правотворчості – від механічної юриспруденції до мистецтва
побудови юридичної аргументації.
Крім того, у дисертації розкриваються напрями вдосконалення методології та
методика викладання у вищих навчальних юридичних закладах у світлі здобутків
школи правового реалізму. Досліджено можливість та необхідність використання висновків школи
правового реалізму для поліпшення правосуддя в Україні, зокрема, для подолання
надмірного формалізму в судовій аргументації вітчизняних суддів, шляхом
формулювання аргументації, наближеної до життєвих реалій, з розставленням
важливих акцентів на детальному, а не формальному аналізі фактів справи та норм
права, які мають бути застосовані. Визначено й проаналізовано надбання
американської та скандинавської течій школи правового реалізму, які можуть бути
використані з метою підвищення якості юридичної освіти та наближення її до
юридичної практики.
Ph. D. thesis in Law for the degree in 12.00.01 “Theory and History of State and Law; History of Political and Legal Thought”. – National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. – Kyiv, 2019. Summary of the main content of the thesis. Thesis analyzes essence, formation, evolution, and modern understanding of the principle of legal certainty as one of the most important components of the rule of law, its relation to other similar concepts; basic requirements of the principle of legal certainty for rule-making and law enforcement, and particularly for litigation practice. The research was a basis for the proposal of a combined scientific and methodological approach to understanding the principle of legal certainty as a comprehensive concept including many aspects, which consists of constituent subprinciples and classification of requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. Section I, “General Theoretical and Historical and Legal Aspects of Understanding the Principle of Legal Certainty as a Component of Rule of Law”, analyzes the essence and relation to other similar principles such as: legal security, predictability, irreversibility of legal acts, protection of trust, etc. within the research question. The study concludes that the principle of legal certainty constitutes a concept with many aspects making it impossible to propose its universal definition. The essence of this phenomenon should be revealed through a number of constituent elements. Section II, “Requirements of the Principle of Legal Certainty for Rule-Making and Law Enforcement Activities”, outlines formal (legal and technical), procedural and substantive requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. A considerable number of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights has been analyzed. The research resulted in a classification of individual requirements for rule-making and law enforcement activities, as well as common requirements for these activities. Section III, “Finality and Execution of Judgments as a Sign of the Principle of Legal Certainty”, demonstrates the sense of res judicata principle based on case law materials. Conditions under which national remedies are considered to be exhausted are outlined. Problems of execution of judgments in Ukraine and the maintenance of the unity of judicial practice are characterized. Based on the analysis of the ECHR pilot decisions on Ukraine, it is concluded that non-execution of judgments in Ukraine keeps being systemic. This, in its turn, significantly affects legal certainty. Scientific novelty of the obtained results impacts theoretical and practical input of the thesis. It formulates a number of theoretical propositions and conclusions new to the national legal science and practice, namely: - defined theoretical origins of formation and traced evolution of understanding of legal certainty principle from ancient times to the present; revealed significant differences in cognition and interpretation of legal certainty in different historical epochs, as well as tendencies in the development of the studied concept depending on the evolutionary progress; - conducted a comparative legal analysis of the understanding of the principle of legal certainty in legal systems of continental and common law, drawing thus a conclusion on common and distinctive features and their influence on rule-making and law enforcement activities. The unquestionable recognition of the principle of legal certainty and the desire to overcome legal uncertainty share common features between each other. Different degrees of legal uncertainty and ways of overcoming them in relation to the historical and legal role of rule-making and judicial bodies constitute distinctive features of these systems. - proposed a comprehensive scientific and methodological approach to understanding the principle of legal certainty as a multifaceted and multidimensional concept, which does not allow it to formulate its universal definition. It makes sense to reveal the essence of this complex phenomenon through a set of requirements or subprinciples, which jointly and fully formulate a complete picture of the phenomenon under study; - developed the classification of requirements of the principle of legal certainty for: rulemaking, law enforcement, and common requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. In particular, the requirements for rule-making activity can be separated into the following groups: 1) legal and technical; 2) contextual - these are the requirements of the legal rule quality; 3) procedural - these are the requirements of ensuring the expression of legal rules The requirements for law enforcement activities are as follows: - steadfast fulfillment of legal rules and other regulatory legal acts, individual acts; - consistency of regulatory legal acts; - validity of law enforcement acts, in particular, court decisions; - consistent adherence of the legal positions formulated by supreme courts; - steady execution of court decisions. Common requirements for rule-making and law enforcement are as follows; - inadmissibility of changes for the worse; - protection of legitimate expectations of a person; - prohibition of the retroactive effect of acts in time, except where such an act improves the legal status of a person; - nullum crimen sine lege, nullum poena sine lege; - res judicata - finality of court decisions. Practical importance of the results obtained. The provisions and rationale set out in this research paper contribute to the deepening and enrichment of domestic legal science and legal practice, in particular: - in rule-making activities ; - in law enforcement, in particular, case law; - in research activities - for a deep study and analysis of the components of the rule of law and their substantive content; - in the educational process. A question pool has been developed for the needs of employees of state authorities and local self-government to check the compliance with the principle of legal certainty in the “Checklist of the Rule of Law Criteria: Application in Rule-Making and Law Enforcement Activities”, which is being implemented by a scientific project of the Research Center for the Rule of Law at the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”.
Ph. D. thesis in Law for the degree in 12.00.01 “Theory and History of State and Law; History of Political and Legal Thought”. – National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. – Kyiv, 2019. Summary of the main content of the thesis. Thesis analyzes essence, formation, evolution, and modern understanding of the principle of legal certainty as one of the most important components of the rule of law, its relation to other similar concepts; basic requirements of the principle of legal certainty for rule-making and law enforcement, and particularly for litigation practice. The research was a basis for the proposal of a combined scientific and methodological approach to understanding the principle of legal certainty as a comprehensive concept including many aspects, which consists of constituent subprinciples and classification of requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. Section I, “General Theoretical and Historical and Legal Aspects of Understanding the Principle of Legal Certainty as a Component of Rule of Law”, analyzes the essence and relation to other similar principles such as: legal security, predictability, irreversibility of legal acts, protection of trust, etc. within the research question. The study concludes that the principle of legal certainty constitutes a concept with many aspects making it impossible to propose its universal definition. The essence of this phenomenon should be revealed through a number of constituent elements. Section II, “Requirements of the Principle of Legal Certainty for Rule-Making and Law Enforcement Activities”, outlines formal (legal and technical), procedural and substantive requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. A considerable number of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights has been analyzed. The research resulted in a classification of individual requirements for rule-making and law enforcement activities, as well as common requirements for these activities. Section III, “Finality and Execution of Judgments as a Sign of the Principle of Legal Certainty”, demonstrates the sense of res judicata principle based on case law materials. Conditions under which national remedies are considered to be exhausted are outlined. Problems of execution of judgments in Ukraine and the maintenance of the unity of judicial practice are characterized. Based on the analysis of the ECHR pilot decisions on Ukraine, it is concluded that non-execution of judgments in Ukraine keeps being systemic. This, in its turn, significantly affects legal certainty. Scientific novelty of the obtained results impacts theoretical and practical input of the thesis. It formulates a number of theoretical propositions and conclusions new to the national legal science and practice, namely: - defined theoretical origins of formation and traced evolution of understanding of legal certainty principle from ancient times to the present; revealed significant differences in cognition and interpretation of legal certainty in different historical epochs, as well as tendencies in the development of the studied concept depending on the evolutionary progress; - conducted a comparative legal analysis of the understanding of the principle of legal certainty in legal systems of continental and common law, drawing thus a conclusion on common and distinctive features and their influence on rule-making and law enforcement activities. The unquestionable recognition of the principle of legal certainty and the desire to overcome legal uncertainty share common features between each other. Different degrees of legal uncertainty and ways of overcoming them in relation to the historical and legal role of rule-making and judicial bodies constitute distinctive features of these systems. - proposed a comprehensive scientific and methodological approach to understanding the principle of legal certainty as a multifaceted and multidimensional concept, which does not allow it to formulate its universal definition. It makes sense to reveal the essence of this complex phenomenon through a set of requirements or subprinciples, which jointly and fully formulate a complete picture of the phenomenon under study; - developed the classification of requirements of the principle of legal certainty for: rulemaking, law enforcement, and common requirements for rule-making and law enforcement. In particular, the requirements for rule-making activity can be separated into the following groups: 1) legal and technical; 2) contextual - these are the requirements of the legal rule quality; 3) procedural - these are the requirements of ensuring the expression of legal rules The requirements for law enforcement activities are as follows: - steadfast fulfillment of legal rules and other regulatory legal acts, individual acts; - consistency of regulatory legal acts; - validity of law enforcement acts, in particular, court decisions; - consistent adherence of the legal positions formulated by supreme courts; - steady execution of court decisions. Common requirements for rule-making and law enforcement are as follows; - inadmissibility of changes for the worse; - protection of legitimate expectations of a person; - prohibition of the retroactive effect of acts in time, except where such an act improves the legal status of a person; - nullum crimen sine lege, nullum poena sine lege; - res judicata - finality of court decisions. Practical importance of the results obtained. The provisions and rationale set out in this research paper contribute to the deepening and enrichment of domestic legal science and legal practice, in particular: - in rule-making activities ; - in law enforcement, in particular, case law; - in research activities - for a deep study and analysis of the components of the rule of law and their substantive content; - in the educational process. A question pool has been developed for the needs of employees of state authorities and local self-government to check the compliance with the principle of legal certainty in the “Checklist of the Rule of Law Criteria: Application in Rule-Making and Law Enforcement Activities”, which is being implemented by a scientific project of the Research Center for the Rule of Law at the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”.
Description
Keywords
школа правового реалізму, американська течія, скандинавська течія, юридичний формалізм, механічна юриспруденція, юридична аргументація, аналіз фактів, емпіричний підхід, правова реальність, дисертація, school of legal realism, American movement, Scandinavian movement, legal formalism, mechanical jurisprudence, legal reasoning, fact analysis, empirical approach, legal reality
Citation
Мельник М.О. Школа правового реалізму та можливості використання її надбань у вітчизняній юриспруденції : дисертація подається на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук (доктора філософії) / Мельник Марія Олександрівна ; наук. кер. Козюбра Микола Іванович ; М-во освіти і науки України, Нац. ун-т "Києво-Могилянська академія". - Київ : [б. в.], 2019. - 235 с. - Кваліфікаційна наукова праця на правах рукопису.