Концепції фашизму
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Date
2016
Authors
Левицький, Владислав
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Abstract
У статті розглянуто концепції фашизму та похідних від нього рухів. Зроблено спробу проаналізувати і порівняти найбільш продуктивні теорії, передовсім західних дослідників (Стенлі Пейна, Дейва Рентона, Умберто Еко та ін.), показати зв’язок відповідних понять і їхнє місце у фашистських студіях. Також акцентовано увагу на найбільш фундаментальному рівні фашизму, який часто ігнорується, а саме ненависті.
Description
The author tries to answer the question what fascism is, on its fundamental level. The answer is somewhat trivial: it is contempt. However, contempt is not a product of the twentieth century. It pursues humanity almost from the beginning of the world. Therefore, even if this level is fundamental, fascism is not only contempt. Speaking about the twentieth century fascism, we mean a particular form of contempt: consolidated, legitimate, and aestheticized.
The first issue here is the distinction between fascism and Nazism. Depending on the purpose of researchers, the terms may be interchangeable, as well as discrete. The author concludes that the standard approach can be the primacy of fascism as the original political movement, whilst National Socialism can
be considered a derivative movement. After all, they used different resources and were forms of different driving forces and ideas. Secondly, we give a number of different definitions and characteristics of fascism. For instance, we refer to the classical theory of Umberto Eco, approaches of Stanley Payne and Roger Griffin. The most accurate observation is considered to be the one from George Orwell. He clearly felt the ambiguity of the word "fascism": it is the word applicable to any sphere of human life. Some more extravagant concepts are also mentioned, such as eco-fascism, economic fascism, fascism of health, and even islamofascism (the term that was introduced by George W. Bush in the year of 2006). The latter was criticized by Roger Griffin. He believed that Islam and fascism had too little in common to be conceptualized together. Griffin himself defined fascism as "palingenetic ultranationalism." Finally, it appears that fascism cannot be defined so easily, since there were too many fascist movements. The facts prove it: various fascist and national-socialist movements often fought against each other, and their programs advocated for different ideas. However, "final definitions" by Cyprian Blamires and Roger Eatwell are provided to complete the picture of fascist studies.
Keywords
фашизм, нацизм, націоналізм, тоталітаризм, режим, культура, політика, стаття, fascism, nazism, nationalism, totalitarianism, regime, culture, politics
Citation
Левицький В. В. Концепції фашизму / Левицький В. В. // Наукові записки НаУКМА. - 2016. - Т. 179 : Теорія та історія культури. - С. 23-27.