Автореферат дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук
(доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 07.00.04 "Археологія" – Національний
університет "Києво-Могилянська академія", Інститут археології НАН України,
Київ, 2018.
Дисертацію присвячено аналізу коштовних металевих аплікативних
прикрас костюма еліти зі 131 кургану Східноєвропейського Степу скіфського
часу. Археологічну джерельну базу роботи складають 43 071 екземпляр, 116 з
яких віднесено до довгих пластин головних уборів. Понад 99% зразків належать
до дрібних аплікацій, які декорували всі частини костюма: від головних уборів
до взуття. У результаті створення типології платівок одягу виділено 32 типи
довгих та 92 типи із 160 варіантами дрібних пластин. Такий розподіл дозволив
простежити хронологічні, територіальні, соціально-гендерні та релігійно-
культові особливості їх застосування. Унаслідок розподілення вивчених
комплексів за дев’ятьма хронологічними групами, визначено основні періоди
розширення та звуження зони впливу кочової еліти протягом VII – початку ІІІ
ст. до н.е. у Східноєвропейському Степу.
The thesis abstract examines jewel metal costume appliqués of Scythian elite
representatives discovered in the barrows of Eastern European Steppe. The research is
based on the narrative and archaeological sources. The author has analyzed the
evidence of written sources on the use of jewel decoration as clothing applications by
Scythians as well as the researches of Graeco-Scythian toreutics and costume of
Iranian peoples.
The archaeological base of the study contains the appliqués of clothes from 131
barrows in Eastern European Steppe. They are dated by existence of the Scythian
culture at the territory under study – the second half of the 7th – beginning of the 3rd
century BC. The total number of examined items is 43 071, only 116 of which are
attributed as long plates of headdress. Over 99% of items under analysis belong to the small applications of garments that were used as décor of all parts of the costume,
from headdress to shoes.
According to the author's typology of plates of Scythians clothes, 32 types of
long, 92 types with 160 variants of small appliqués were classified. Such division
enabled to trace the social, gender, chronological, territorial, and sacred features of
their use.
The vast majority of long appliqués decorated women's headdress. The
exceptions are two plates from Kul-Oba that adorned the male “başlık” (hood). In
addition, exclusive on plot of image and gender of carrier is a piece of plate from
Lytyi (Melhunovskyi) barrow, which according to the excavation report, adorned
forehead band, or “başlık” of man.
The condition of some artifacts (the presence of additional holes near the
broken ones), the evidence of replacing of lost items by adding the new ones (Lytyi
barrow, Tovsta Mohyla), and fitting the shape of already made plaques due to the
form of “calafs” (special form of Greek and Scythian headdresses), points at facts that
clothes, decorated with gold, were used in ceremonies.
Basing on the chronological and geographical distribution of different types the
theory of at least two waves of migration of Scythian nomads in the Eastern Steppe
area was confirmed.
In consequence of the distribution of the assemblages under study to nine
chronological groups and applying them on the map, the certain periods of expansion
and constriction of influence zone of nomadic elite in the 7th – the beginning of the 3rd
century BC was marked. If the time of the first five groups (second half of the 7th –
last quarter of the 5th centuries BC) includes relatively few elite barrows with small
number of plaques. Beginning from the sixth group (first quarter of the 4th century
BC) their number increases significantly. The real boom in the use of jewel appliqués
of the garments traced on the third quarter of 4th century BC – chronological limits of
eighth group. In the next period, the ninth group (fourth quarter of the 4th – the
beginning of the 3rd centuries BC), this tradition gradually extinct. Thus, the example
of graves of Scythian Steppe elite can show some ripple in the evolution of Scythian
culture in the region. Perhaps, by analyzing a broader set of materials it could be
possible to talk about the location of certain tribal groups in certain intervals in the
considered territory.
In addition, the difference between plagues of costume from the elite graves of
Steppe and Forest-Steppe was observed. It take place in presence of some, possibly, local
images in both regions, in primitive manner of depiction of many types of decoration of
Forest-Steppe elite clothes, and in chronological diversity. Thus, many Forest-Steppe elite
graves are dating back to the 7th – 5th centuries B.C., when in Steppe the amount of the
complexes of 4th century B.C. prevail. Certainly, the character of images presented on these appliqués does not seem
random. They are related mostly with the basic concepts of Iranians on the death, life,
and rebirth through the death. They also reflect the solar and chthonic symbolism and
understanding of the universe by the Scythians through binary oppositions.
The symbolism of the images is spectacular on the long plaques of headdresses
where some integral “rows” and “order of code” could be seen which is harder
appeared on the small plates.
The patterns of the use of plates of certain types on the certain parts of clothes
were also examined but more detailed analysis in this direction is the matter of future
research.
Therefore, the appliqués of Scythian costume are the highly informative source
for the studying of the history of the Scythian people, chronology of the Scythian
culture, and marked the social position and gender roles, migrations and cult practice.
Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук
(доктора философии) по специальности 07.00.04 "Археология" – Национальный
университет "Киево-Могилянская академия", Институт археологии НАН
Украины – Киев, 2018.
Диссертация посвящена исследованию драгоценных металлических
аппликаций костюма элиты из 131 кургана Восточноевропейской Степи
скифского времени. Археологическую базу работы составляет 43 071 экземпляр,
116 из них отнесено к длинным пластинам головных уборов. Больше 99%
изученных предметов принадлежат к мелким аппликациям, декорировавших все
части костюма: от головных уборов до обуви. В результате создания типологии
пластин одежды, выделено 32 типа длинных и 92 типа со 160 вариантами мелких
пластин. Такое распределение позволило проследить хронологические,
территориальные, социально-гендерные, и религиозно-культовые особенности
их применения. Вследствие распределения комплексов на девять условных
хронологических групп отмечены периоды расширения и сужения зоны влияния
кочевой элиты на протяжении VII – начала ІІІ вв. до н.э. в Восточноевропейской
Степи.
