Первісне суспільство і право

Abstract

Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу виникнення права у первісному суспільстві періоду дикості і варварства у часових рамках історії людства з початку зародження життя (близько 4,1 – 3,7 млрд рр. тому) до винайдення методів обробітку землі та первинного поділу праці та винайдення давньою цивілізацією шумерів письма (відповідно 6500–3100 рр. до н. е.). Обґрунтовано соціальні й антропологічні причини виникнення права (потреби спільного проживання, нормативність свідомості), світоглядна основа, природа зобов’язувального характеру первісних правил, їхній взаємозв’язок із мораллю.

The article is devoted to the study of the process of the emergence of rights in the primitive society of the period of savagery and barbarism. The time frame expands from the beginning of the birth of life (about 4.1 – 3.7 billion years ago) to the invention of methods of cultivation of land and the primary division of labor and the invention of ancient civilization of Sumerians of writing (respectively 6,500 years - 3,100 years BC). The social and anthropological reasons for the emergence of law (needs of common habitation, normative consciousness), the world-view basis, the nature of the binding character of the original rules, their interrelation with morality, are substantiated. The original rules of conduct in the form of prohibitions (taboos), custom, rite, worship and ritual were alloy, a mixture of divine and natural, magical and psychological. These mono norms formed the core of primitive law as the form of proper, necessary behavior, the most significant factor of the force of which was the joint residence and the mutual benefit of acting concertedly. In the absence of political power in the primitive society, they also supported the authority of tribal leaders, elders, healers, healers and sorcerers. With the emergence of religion and systems of morality, these norms receive a new religious and value justification and differentiate from those norms of morality that do not require more stringent, compared with them, sanctions. Thus, the social interaction in the process of living together and the elaboration of the rules of this residence, the improvement of the methods of resolving conflicts and disputes provided the ground on which the archaic right of the primitive society has grown, which in the form reached us in the relevant earliest historical sources, according to the constant scientific tradition, is called customary law.