Утопія і нігілізм: філософські уроки Лєшека Колаковського
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Date
2018
Authors
Бондаревська, Ірина
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Abstract
У статті проаналізовано основні аспекти тлумачення філософського мислення польським філософом Лєшеком Колаковським (1927–2009) тією мірою, якою вони пов’язані з питанням автономності мислення. Метою є реконструкція принципів, які, на думку філософа, дозволили б мисленню зберігати свою автономність під тиском ідей та ідеологій. Утопія і нігілізм у тлумаченні
Л. Колаковського постають як ідеї, що виражають дві небезпечні спокуси сучасного світу. Саме
в пошуках засобів протистояння цим "потворам" (Л. Колаковський) філософ доходить думки, що
в основі утопії і нігілізму лежать певні уявлення про істину. Шляхом теоретичної реконструкції
відтворено основну епістемологічну модель, застосовану філософом. Це – ставлення суб’єкта до
істини, яке реалізується у двох варіантах: оволодіти істиною на підставі певних вірувань або
нехтувати істиною на підставі інших вірувань. За допомогою цієї моделі філософ доходить розуміння, що догматизм і уніфікація є хворобою не лише утопістів, а й нігілістів. Причиною цього
є вірність власній істині, тобто мислення без лакун і розривів, засноване на незмінних принципах
і спрямоване на відтворення певних інституційно-соціальних констант. Натомість непослідовність як принцип формує зовсім іншу установку, перевага якої в тому, що вона поширюється на
саму себе і звільняє мислителя від необхідності бути чи не бути послідовним, але не звільняє від
пошуку істини і сенсу, без яких неможливе людське існування.
The article analyzes the main aspects of the interpretation of philosophical thinking by the Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowskі (1927–2009). He is more known as a brilliant disputant on the history of Marxism and the prospects for the further development of Marxist theory, but his thoughts on the nature and functions of philosophical thinking in the broadest sense are of no less importance, since they address the painful issue of the autonomy of thinking. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the principles that, according to the philosopher, would allow thinking to maintain its autonomy under the pressure of ideas and ideologies. Utopia and nihilism in the interpretation of L. Kolakowskі appear as temptations of the modern world. It is in the quest for defending from these “monsters” (L. Kolakowskі) that the philosopher comes to the conclusion that the basis of utopia and nihilism are certain ideas about the truth. Through the prism of this theoretical discovery, he reveals the importance of consensus, tolerance, compromise, and nonconsistency (inconsistency) as epistemological tools of support or undermining of ideologies. The basic epistemological model the philosopher used has been reproduced by means of theoretical reconstruction. This is the attitude of the subject to the truth, which is realized in two ways: to either master the truth on the basis of certain beliefs or neglect the truth on the basis of other beliefs. With the help of this model, the philosopher comes to understanding that dogmatism and unification are not only utopian diseases but also nihilists. The reason for this is loyalty to one’s own truth, that is, thinking without gaps based on unchanging principles and aimed at reproducing certain institutional and social constants. Instead, inconsistency as a principle forms a completely different setting, the advantage of which is that it extends to itself and frees a thinker from the need to be or not to be consistent, but does not relieve the search of truth and meaning, without which human existence is impossible, according to L. Kolakowskі. The reconstruction was carried out on the basis of analysis of articles and essays of various years, combined with the development of concepts of utopia and nihilism as alternative projects of human existence, rooted in the epistemological directions of the subject.
The article analyzes the main aspects of the interpretation of philosophical thinking by the Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowskі (1927–2009). He is more known as a brilliant disputant on the history of Marxism and the prospects for the further development of Marxist theory, but his thoughts on the nature and functions of philosophical thinking in the broadest sense are of no less importance, since they address the painful issue of the autonomy of thinking. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the principles that, according to the philosopher, would allow thinking to maintain its autonomy under the pressure of ideas and ideologies. Utopia and nihilism in the interpretation of L. Kolakowskі appear as temptations of the modern world. It is in the quest for defending from these “monsters” (L. Kolakowskі) that the philosopher comes to the conclusion that the basis of utopia and nihilism are certain ideas about the truth. Through the prism of this theoretical discovery, he reveals the importance of consensus, tolerance, compromise, and nonconsistency (inconsistency) as epistemological tools of support or undermining of ideologies. The basic epistemological model the philosopher used has been reproduced by means of theoretical reconstruction. This is the attitude of the subject to the truth, which is realized in two ways: to either master the truth on the basis of certain beliefs or neglect the truth on the basis of other beliefs. With the help of this model, the philosopher comes to understanding that dogmatism and unification are not only utopian diseases but also nihilists. The reason for this is loyalty to one’s own truth, that is, thinking without gaps based on unchanging principles and aimed at reproducing certain institutional and social constants. Instead, inconsistency as a principle forms a completely different setting, the advantage of which is that it extends to itself and frees a thinker from the need to be or not to be consistent, but does not relieve the search of truth and meaning, without which human existence is impossible, according to L. Kolakowskі. The reconstruction was carried out on the basis of analysis of articles and essays of various years, combined with the development of concepts of utopia and nihilism as alternative projects of human existence, rooted in the epistemological directions of the subject.
Description
Keywords
Лєшек Колаковський, епістемологія, принципи мислення, істина, утопія, нігілізм, догматизм, ідеологія, польська філософія, непослідовність мислення, стаття, Leszek Kolakowski, epistemology, principles of thinking, truth, utopia, nihilism, dogmatism, ideology, Polish philosophy, inconsistency of thinking
Citation
Бондаревська І. А. Утопія і нігілізм: філософські уроки Лєшека Колаковського / Бондаревська І. А. // Наукові записки НаУКМА. Філософія та релігієзнавство. - 2018. - Т. 1. - С. 35-42.