До проблеми походження аттичної трагедії

Abstract

Статтю присвячено проблемі, яка досі викликає неоднозначні оцінки науковців, – вивченню походження давньогрецької трагедії. Спочатку було розглянуто базову теорію Аристотеля, який у «Поетиці» згадує про походження трагедії від сатирівської драми. Далі увагу було приділено іншому підходу до проблеми – вивченню етимології слова τραγῳδία: ми проаналізували, як змінювалося тлумачення цього слова від «пісні цапів» до «пісні, яку співали під час жертвопринесення цапів». Насамкінець було розглянуто зв’язки між ритуальними дифірамбами та трагедією і зроблено припущення, чому вони не могли із часом трансформуватися у трагедію.

The article considers the question of the origin of tragedy, which is still not very well learned. We started with the research of some main theories. In Poetics Aristotle says that tragedy comes from satyr drama, but does not explain how exactly it transformed. We continued with the review of another interesting question and possible point of view on the problem, which is understanding the etymology of the word τραγῳδία. We have discovered that there is quite a tradition coming from the German theorist U. f. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff to understand tragodia as the song of goats (singers that wore the skins of goats). However, during the research we found out that contemporary theorists (for example, W. Burkert) claim that the exact meaning of the word is ‘the song that was sang at the sacrificial of the goat’. First, it is because of the rules of Ancient Greek: according to them the word tragodia could not mean ‘the singing goat’, but ‘the singer somehow connected to a goat’. In addition, satyrs did not look like goats: there are some vase paintings where satyrs are depicted near the goats. Another point is the problem of connection between the ritual dithyramb choirs and tragedy, and the theory that tragic competitions come from dithyramb ones. Some researchers claim that dithyramb choirs were somehow ‘not so serious’ and then they transformed into a ‘serious’ tragedy (there is a so-called anthropological theory that claims that dithyramb choirs depicted the behaviour of animals and their games), but the later sources state that those competitions could even be cruel. In addition, the dithyramb competitions started 25 years later than tragic ones (the chronology is approximate), which brings us to the idea that they could not be the origin of the tragedy. Still, there is another theory (by J. Winkler) which says that dithyramb and tragic choirs are much older than the festivals, and the festivals, when they came to be, just renewed the old traditions and gave them the agonal impulse. Dithyramb competitions also did not come to an end with the growth of popularity of the theatre (they existed till the II century BC).